Long-lived solar neutron emission in comparison with electron-produced radiation in the 2005 September 7 solar flare

T. Sako; K. Watanabe; Y. Muraki; Y. Matsubara; H. Tsujihara; M. Yamashita; T. Sakai; S. Shibata; J. F. Valdés-Galicia; L. X. González; A. Hurtado; O. Musalem; P. Miranda; N. Martinic; R. Ticona; A. Velarde; F. Kakimoto; S. Ogio; Y. Tsunesada; H. Tokuno; Y. T. Tanaka; I. Yoshikawa; T. Terasawa; Y. Saito; T. Mukai; M. Gros

doi:10.1086/509145

Long-lived solar neutron emission in comparison with electron-produced radiation in the 2005 September 7 solar flare

T. Sako, K. Watanabe, Y. Muraki, Y. Matsubara, H. Tsujihara, M. Yamashita, T. Sakai, S. Shibata, J. F. Valdés-Galicia, L. X. González, A. Hurtado, O. Musalem, P. Miranda, N. Martinic, R. Ticona, A. Velarde, F. Kakimoto, S. Ogio, Y. Tsunesada, H. TokunoY. T. Tanaka, I. Yoshikawa, T. Terasawa, Y. Saito, T. Mukai, M. Gros

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Abstract

Strong signals of neutral emissions were detected in association with a solar flare that occurred on 2005 September 7. They were produced by both relativistic ions and electrons. In particular, relativistic neutrons were observed with the solar neutron telescopes (SNTs) located at Mount Chacaltaya in Bolivia and Mount Sierra Negra in Mexico and with neutron monitors (NMs) at Chacaltaya and Mexico City with high statistical significances. At the same time, hard X-rays and γ-rays, which were predominantly emitted by high-energy electrons, were detected by the Geotail and the INTEGRAL satellites. We found that a model of the impulsive neutron emission at the time of the X-ray/ γ-ray peak can explain the main peaks of all the detected neutron signals, but failed to explain the long tailed decaying phase. An alternative model, in which the neutron emission follows the X-ray/γ-ray profile, also failed to explain the long tail. These results indicate that the acceleration of ions began at the same time as the electrons but that ions were continuously accelerated or trapped longer than the electrons in the emission site. We also demonstrate that the neutron data observed by multienergy channels of SNTs put constraints on the neutron spectrum.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	L69-L72
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	651
Issue number	1 II
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1086/509145
State	Published - 1 Nov 2006

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The authors appreciate the work of our colleagues who manage and maintain the solar neutron telescopes. We also thank the INTEGRAL team for their support of the mission and for their guidance in the analysis of the INTEGRAL satellite data. K. Watanabe’s work is supported by the Grant-in-Aid program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellows. This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area (11203204) by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan and by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (16540242) by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. This research was partly supported by a Nihon University Multidisciplinary Global Research Grant for 2001 and 2002, and by DGAPA UNAM grant 115303. Finally, the authors thank to the anonymous referee for his/her useful comments that improved our manuscript.

Keywords

Acceleration of particles
Cosmic rays
Radiation mechanisms: nonthermal
Sun: X-rays, gamma rays
Sun: flares
Sun: particle emission

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10.1086/509145

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Sako, T., Watanabe, K., Muraki, Y., Matsubara, Y., Tsujihara, H., Yamashita, M., Sakai, T., Shibata, S., Valdés-Galicia, J. F., González, L. X., Hurtado, A., Musalem, O., Miranda, P., Martinic, N., Ticona, R., Velarde, A., Kakimoto, F., Ogio, S., Tsunesada, Y., ... Gros, M. (2006). Long-lived solar neutron emission in comparison with electron-produced radiation in the 2005 September 7 solar flare. Astrophysical Journal, 651(1 II), L69-L72. https://doi.org/10.1086/509145

@article{9918b0d80a8b49e7acfb60ebd65beac6,

title = "Long-lived solar neutron emission in comparison with electron-produced radiation in the 2005 September 7 solar flare",

abstract = "Strong signals of neutral emissions were detected in association with a solar flare that occurred on 2005 September 7. They were produced by both relativistic ions and electrons. In particular, relativistic neutrons were observed with the solar neutron telescopes (SNTs) located at Mount Chacaltaya in Bolivia and Mount Sierra Negra in Mexico and with neutron monitors (NMs) at Chacaltaya and Mexico City with high statistical significances. At the same time, hard X-rays and γ-rays, which were predominantly emitted by high-energy electrons, were detected by the Geotail and the INTEGRAL satellites. We found that a model of the impulsive neutron emission at the time of the X-ray/ γ-ray peak can explain the main peaks of all the detected neutron signals, but failed to explain the long tailed decaying phase. An alternative model, in which the neutron emission follows the X-ray/γ-ray profile, also failed to explain the long tail. These results indicate that the acceleration of ions began at the same time as the electrons but that ions were continuously accelerated or trapped longer than the electrons in the emission site. We also demonstrate that the neutron data observed by multienergy channels of SNTs put constraints on the neutron spectrum.",

keywords = "Acceleration of particles, Cosmic rays, Radiation mechanisms: nonthermal, Sun: X-rays, gamma rays, Sun: flares, Sun: particle emission",

author = "T. Sako and K. Watanabe and Y. Muraki and Y. Matsubara and H. Tsujihara and M. Yamashita and T. Sakai and S. Shibata and Vald{\'e}s-Galicia, {J. F.} and Gonz{\'a}lez, {L. X.} and A. Hurtado and O. Musalem and P. Miranda and N. Martinic and R. Ticona and A. Velarde and F. Kakimoto and S. Ogio and Y. Tsunesada and H. Tokuno and Tanaka, {Y. T.} and I. Yoshikawa and T. Terasawa and Y. Saito and T. Mukai and M. Gros",

note = "Funding Information: The authors appreciate the work of our colleagues who manage and maintain the solar neutron telescopes. We also thank the INTEGRAL team for their support of the mission and for their guidance in the analysis of the INTEGRAL satellite data. K. Watanabe{\textquoteright}s work is supported by the Grant-in-Aid program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellows. This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area (11203204) by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan and by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (16540242) by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. This research was partly supported by a Nihon University Multidisciplinary Global Research Grant for 2001 and 2002, and by DGAPA UNAM grant 115303. Finally, the authors thank to the anonymous referee for his/her useful comments that improved our manuscript.",

year = "2006",

month = nov,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1086/509145",

language = "Ingl{\'e}s",

volume = "651",

pages = "L69--L72",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",

number = "1 II",

}

Sako, T, Watanabe, K, Muraki, Y, Matsubara, Y, Tsujihara, H, Yamashita, M, Sakai, T, Shibata, S, Valdés-Galicia, JF, González, LX, Hurtado, A, Musalem, O, Miranda, P, Martinic, N, Ticona, R, Velarde, A, Kakimoto, F, Ogio, S, Tsunesada, Y, Tokuno, H, Tanaka, YT, Yoshikawa, I, Terasawa, T, Saito, Y, Mukai, T & Gros, M 2006, 'Long-lived solar neutron emission in comparison with electron-produced radiation in the 2005 September 7 solar flare', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 651, no. 1 II, pp. L69-L72. https://doi.org/10.1086/509145

TY - JOUR

T1 - Long-lived solar neutron emission in comparison with electron-produced radiation in the 2005 September 7 solar flare

AU - Sako, T.

AU - Watanabe, K.

AU - Muraki, Y.

AU - Matsubara, Y.

AU - Tsujihara, H.

AU - Yamashita, M.

AU - Sakai, T.

AU - Shibata, S.

AU - Valdés-Galicia, J. F.

AU - González, L. X.

AU - Hurtado, A.

AU - Musalem, O.

AU - Miranda, P.

AU - Martinic, N.

AU - Ticona, R.

AU - Velarde, A.

AU - Kakimoto, F.

AU - Ogio, S.

AU - Tsunesada, Y.

AU - Tokuno, H.

AU - Tanaka, Y. T.

AU - Yoshikawa, I.

AU - Terasawa, T.

AU - Saito, Y.

AU - Mukai, T.

AU - Gros, M.

N1 - Funding Information: The authors appreciate the work of our colleagues who manage and maintain the solar neutron telescopes. We also thank the INTEGRAL team for their support of the mission and for their guidance in the analysis of the INTEGRAL satellite data. K. Watanabe’s work is supported by the Grant-in-Aid program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Fellows. This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area (11203204) by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan and by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (16540242) by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. This research was partly supported by a Nihon University Multidisciplinary Global Research Grant for 2001 and 2002, and by DGAPA UNAM grant 115303. Finally, the authors thank to the anonymous referee for his/her useful comments that improved our manuscript.

PY - 2006/11/1

Y1 - 2006/11/1

N2 - Strong signals of neutral emissions were detected in association with a solar flare that occurred on 2005 September 7. They were produced by both relativistic ions and electrons. In particular, relativistic neutrons were observed with the solar neutron telescopes (SNTs) located at Mount Chacaltaya in Bolivia and Mount Sierra Negra in Mexico and with neutron monitors (NMs) at Chacaltaya and Mexico City with high statistical significances. At the same time, hard X-rays and γ-rays, which were predominantly emitted by high-energy electrons, were detected by the Geotail and the INTEGRAL satellites. We found that a model of the impulsive neutron emission at the time of the X-ray/ γ-ray peak can explain the main peaks of all the detected neutron signals, but failed to explain the long tailed decaying phase. An alternative model, in which the neutron emission follows the X-ray/γ-ray profile, also failed to explain the long tail. These results indicate that the acceleration of ions began at the same time as the electrons but that ions were continuously accelerated or trapped longer than the electrons in the emission site. We also demonstrate that the neutron data observed by multienergy channels of SNTs put constraints on the neutron spectrum.

AB - Strong signals of neutral emissions were detected in association with a solar flare that occurred on 2005 September 7. They were produced by both relativistic ions and electrons. In particular, relativistic neutrons were observed with the solar neutron telescopes (SNTs) located at Mount Chacaltaya in Bolivia and Mount Sierra Negra in Mexico and with neutron monitors (NMs) at Chacaltaya and Mexico City with high statistical significances. At the same time, hard X-rays and γ-rays, which were predominantly emitted by high-energy electrons, were detected by the Geotail and the INTEGRAL satellites. We found that a model of the impulsive neutron emission at the time of the X-ray/ γ-ray peak can explain the main peaks of all the detected neutron signals, but failed to explain the long tailed decaying phase. An alternative model, in which the neutron emission follows the X-ray/γ-ray profile, also failed to explain the long tail. These results indicate that the acceleration of ions began at the same time as the electrons but that ions were continuously accelerated or trapped longer than the electrons in the emission site. We also demonstrate that the neutron data observed by multienergy channels of SNTs put constraints on the neutron spectrum.

KW - Acceleration of particles

KW - Cosmic rays

KW - Radiation mechanisms: nonthermal

KW - Sun: X-rays, gamma rays

KW - Sun: flares

KW - Sun: particle emission

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=33845716919&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1086/509145

DO - 10.1086/509145

M3 - Artículo

AN - SCOPUS:33845716919

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 651

SP - L69-L72

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 1 II

ER -

Long-lived solar neutron emission in comparison with electron-produced radiation in the 2005 September 7 solar flare

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

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